List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers
The following are automobile marques (or brands) that were formerly made in the United States. They were discontinued for various reasons, such as bankruptcy of the parent company, mergers, or being phased out.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
- Ideal (1902)
- Ideal (1902–1903)
- Ideal (1902–1904)[98]
- Ideal (1907–1908)
- Ideal Electric (1906)[150]
- Illinois (1907)
- Illinois (1909–1912)
- Illinois Electric (1897–1901)[151]
- Imp (1913–1914)[98]
- Imperial (1903–1904)[98]
- Imperial (1908–1916)[152]
- Imperial (1907–1908)
- Imperial (1908–1916)
- Imperial (1955–1975, 1981–1983)
- Imperial Electric (1903–1904)[98]
- Independence (1912)[98]
- Independence (1915)
- Independent Harvester (1910–1911)[98]
- Indian (1905; 1911)[153]
- Indiana (1901)[9]
- Indianapolis (see Black)[98]
- Ingram-Hatch (1917)[98]
- Innes (1920–1921)[98]
- International (1899) (see Strathmore)[154]
- International (1899) (see Walters)[155]
- International (1900) (see Klock)[156]
- International (1900)[155]
- International (1901–1903) (see Toledo)[157]
- International Cyclecar (1914) (see Economycar)[158]
- International Harvester (1907–1975)
- Inter-State (1909–1919)[98]
- Intrepid (1903–1905)[98]
- Iroquois (1903–1907)[28]
- Iverson (1902)[98]
- Izzer (1911)[98]
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
- Tarkington (1922–1923)[264]
- Taunton (1901–1903)[27]
- Taunton (1904–1905)
- Templar (1917–1924)[279]
- Templeton-Dubrie (1910)[264]
- Terraplane (1932–1939)
- Terwilliger (see Empire Steamer (1904))[27]
- Tex (1915)[264]
- Texan (1920–1922)[280]
- Texas (1902)[280]
- Texmobile (1920–1921)[264]
- Thomas (1902–1919)[281]
- Thomas-Detroit (1906–1908)[264]
- Thompson (1901–1907)[27]
- Thompson Electric (1901)
- Thomson (1900–1903)
- Thor (1907-1909)[282]
- Thorobred (1901)[264]
- Thresher Electric (1900)[264]
- Tiffany Electric (1913–1914)[264]
- Tiger (1914–1915)[264]
- Tincher (1903–1909)[283]
- Tinkham (1898–1899)[264]
- Toledo (1901–1903)[284]
- Tonawanda (see Towanda Electric)[264]
- Torbensen (1902–1906)[264]
- Towanda Electric (1902–1904)
- Touraine (1912–1916)[264]
- Tourist (1902–1910)[264]
- Tractmobile (1900–1902)[27]
- Trask-Detroit (1922–1923)[27]
- Traveler (1907–1908)[264]
- Traveler (1910–1911)
- Traveler (1913–1914)
- Traveler (1924–1925)
- Trebert (1907–1908)[264]
- Tribune (1913)[264]
- Tribune (1917)
- Tricolet (1904–1906)
- Trimoto (or Tri-Motor) (1900–1901)[264]
- Trinity Steamer (see Keene Steamobile)[27]
- Triumph Electric (1900–1901)
- Triumph (1907–1912)[285]
- Trumbull (1914–1915)[264]
- Tucker (1946–1949)
- Tucker-Miller (1935)[286]
- Tulsa (1918–1922)[264]
- Twin City (1914)[264]
- Twombly (1910–1911)
- Twombly (1913–1915)
- Twyford (1899–1902, 1904–1907)[264]
U
- US Automobile (1899–1901)
- Union (1902–1905)
- Union (1908–1909)
- Union (1916)
- United (1914)
- United (1919–1920)[264]
- United States (1899–1903)[264]
- United States Long Distance (see Long Distance)[264]
- Unito (1908–1910)[135]
- Universal (1914)[264]
- Upton (1902–1903)[264]
- Upton (1905–1907)
- Upton (1914)
- U.S. Runabout (1907–1908)
V
W
X
Y
Z
- Zent (1900–1902, 1904–1906)[264]
- Zentmobile (1903)[264]
- Zimmerman (1908–1915)[264]
- Zip (1913–1914)[264]
Notes
- ^ Abbotts were built in Cleveland. Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.190.
- ^ Steam Cars, 1770-1970, pg. 215-221 (St. Martin's Press, 1971)
- ^ This car was built in Chicago and was totally unrelated to the Kauffman. Clymer, p.205; Kimes 1985, p. 19
- ^ Clymer, p.205; Kimes 1985, p. 18
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co Clymer, p.205.
- ^ Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946-1959 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.1016.
- ^ Built in New York City. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Built in Cleveland.Clymer, pp.190 & 205.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Clymer, p.170.
- ^ Clymer, p.31.
- ^ Clymer, p.205; Kimes 1985, p. 19
- ^ Built in St. Louis by the beer company. Clymer, p.170-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Flory, p.1016.
- ^ Clymer, p.23 & 205.
- ^ Front-wheel drive, built in New York City; allegedly the first FWD car. Clymer, pp.178 & 205.
- ^ King-Remick
- ^ Distinct from Babcock Electric. Clymer, p.205.
- ^ Built in Wisconsin. Clymer, pp.153 & 205.
- ^ Builder of cars and trucks in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 205.
- ^ Distinct from American Bantam and the bird. Clymer, p.170.
- ^ Sold an electric tricycle before 1916. Clymer, pp.38 & 205.
- ^ a b c d Flory, p.1016.
- ^ Built in York, Pennsylvania. Clymer, p.193.
- ^ Distinct from the other three. Clymer, p.205.
- ^ Built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 205.
- ^ Built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf Clymer, p.23.
- ^ a b c d e Clymer, p.170-1.
- ^ A six-wheeler "motorcycle", built by Detroit artist & engineer James Scripps Booth. Clymer, p.115.
- ^ Clymer, pp. 5, 61, & 205.
- ^ Distinct from the British brand. Flory, p.1016.
- ^ Smith Flyer
- ^ Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 205.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Automobiles built in Anderson, Indiana. Clymer, pp.5 & 190.
- ^ Built in Chicago. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Made in St. Louis, Missouri Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Clymer, pp.16, 170, & 206.
- ^ a b One of three companies by this name. Clymer, pp.23 & 206.
- ^ Distinct from Carhartt. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Distinct from Carrol. Clymer,p.206.
- ^ a b Kimes 1985, p. 929
- ^ Distinct from Cartercar. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Built in Racine, Wisconsin. Clymer, p.153.
- ^ Distinct from the Chevy. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Offered vehicles with electric, steam, or gasoline engines.
- ^ Clymer, pp.22 & 178.
- ^ Distinct from the three gasoline companies, and from Chicago. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Distinct from the three gasoline companies, and from Chicago Electric. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Founded by J. Walter Christie. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Or Clarksmobile. Clymer, pp.25 & 206.
- ^ One of two companies by this name. Clymer, p.23.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Built in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Built in Little Rock, Arkansas. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ a b c Kimes 1985, p. 331
- ^ Clipper Division, Studebaker-Packard Corp.; Packard, A History of the Motor Car and the Company (General edition), Beverly Rae Kimes, editor (1978), Automobile Quarterly", ISBN 0-915038-11-0"
- ^ Triumph an Tragedy: The Last Real Packards by Richard M. Langworth, in Collectible Automobile, September, 1984 issue; p. 6-25; (ISSN 0742-812X)
- ^ Built in St. Louis, Missouri. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Built in Denver, copied from the contemporary Renault. Clymer, p.87.
- ^ Founded by J. J. Cole, built in Indianapolis. Clymer, p.104.
- ^ Built in Yonkers, New York. Clymer, p.63.
- ^ a b One of two companies by this name. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Distinct from Columbia Electric. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Built at 564 Dublin Avenue; Columbus, Ohio. Clymer, p.145.
- ^ Distinct from the Mercury. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Built in Plymouth, Ohio, friction transmission, dual chain drive, 1000-6000 lb payload or 9-20 seats. Clymer, p.67.
- ^ Formerly Vaughn; builder of the Gas-au-lec, based in Peabody, Massachusetts. Clymer, p.158.
- ^ Distinct from the Nash. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Distinct from Crane & Breed. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Clymer, pp.170 & 206.
- ^ Built in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Clymer, pp.190 & 206.
- ^ Distinct from the Clan Crusader. Clymer, p.5.
- ^ Distinct from the racers. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ One of two companies by this name. Clymer, pp.158 & 206.
- ^ Named for the horse, built in Minneapolis. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Built in St. Louis, Missouri. Clymer, p.93.
- ^ a b Clymer, pp.5 & 206.
- ^ Clymer, p.170
- ^ Distinct from the tractor. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 206.
- ^ Built in Auburn, Indiana. Distinct from DeSoto. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Distinct from DeSoto. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Offered an electric phaeton before 1916. Clymer, pp.38 & 205.
- ^ Distinct from Diamond T. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Clymer, p.206. Tourist was a model.
- ^ a b c d e f Clymer, p.5.
- ^ Clymer, p.206. By Alberto Santos-Dumont
- ^ Clymer, p.206. Founder was later the author of Dyke's Automobile and Gasoline Engine Encyclopedia.
- ^ Conceived by Buckminster Fuller.
- ^ Built in Wisconsin, distinct from the Michigan company. Clymer, p.153.
- ^ Steam and electric cars, built in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Clymer, p.206. No connection to Eaton's.
- ^ Distinct from either of the two Economys. Clymer, p.206.
- ^ Clymer, p.38.
- ^ Clymer, p.206. No connection to Electric Launch Company.
- ^ Clymer, p.207. Distinct from Elite. Misspelling of Elmore??
- ^ Clymer, pp.23 & 207. Distinct from Elite.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp Clymer, p.207.
- ^ a b Clymer, p.8.
- ^ a b c d e Horseless Age 1895.
- ^ Clymer, p.170-1 & 207.
- ^ Built in Cincinnati, Ohio. Clymer, p.104.
- ^ Later Halladay or Streator, eventually Barley. Clymer, p.207.
- ^ Car and truck maker, based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Built in Chicago. Clymer, p.104.
- ^ Clymer, p.207. Not to be confused with the Fords.
- ^ Built in Newark, Ohio by Halladay
- ^ Built in Lewistown, Pennsylvania by Moller
- ^ Distinct from Federal steam automobile company. Clymer, p.207.
- ^ Clymer, p.207. Not to be confused with the header maker.
- ^ http://www.earlyamericanautomobiles.com/1904.htm
- ^ http://www.northfield.org/files/REGuide031908.pdf
- ^ Built in Cheboygan, Michigan, it weighed 900 pd and cost US$450. Clymer, p.166.
- ^ Distinct from the other one. Clymer, p.207.
- ^ An electric car. Clymer, p.40.
- ^ a b One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.207.
- ^ Built in Massillon, Ohio; called their car the Jewel. Clymer, p.63.
- ^ a b Kimes 1985, p. 1289
- ^ Clymer, p.16.
- ^ Built in Clintonville, Wisconsin, with four-wheel drive. Clymer, p.153.
- ^ a b Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Clymer, p.51.
- ^ Distinct from the steamer. Clymer, p.207.
- ^ Made by the multinational as experimental models.
- ^ Clymer, p.207. Distinct from the multinational
- ^ Gasoline and steam. Clymer, pp.23 & 190.
- ^ Flory, p.1016, credits them only for 1950.
- ^ Supposedly from Atlanta, Georgia. Clymer, p.207.
- ^ Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland 1916-1922. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ a b Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Clymer, pp.14 & 22.
- ^ a b Kimes 1985, p. 1447
- ^ One of two companies by this name. Clymer, p.207.
- ^ Truck maker, based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Clymer, pp.170 & 190.
- ^ No relation to the school. Clymer, p.170.
- ^ Clymer, p.207
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 652,761
- ^ Distinct from Hatfield Motor Vehicle Company and Hatfield Company (truck manufacturer). Kimes 1985, p. 682
- ^ An aircooled, built in Wisconsin, sold for US$2000. Clymer, p.23.
- ^ Clymer, p.112.
- ^ Clymer, p.207. Distinct from Hewitt-Lindstrom.
- ^ Steam and gasoline, based in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.23 & 190.
- ^ Clymer, p.207. Distinct from the Australian company.
- ^ Clymer, p.207. Distinct from Holley.
- ^ Clymer, pp.170-1 & 207.
- ^ a b Clymer, pp.23 & 207.
- ^ a b Clymer, pp.5 & 23.
- ^ Based in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.23, 190, & 207.
- ^ Clymer, pp.170 & 207.
- ^ no relation with Jackson car. Kimes 1985, p. 742
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 735
- ^ In Boston. Kimes 1985, pp. 769, 1407
- ^ a b In New York City. Kimes 1985, p. 769
- ^ Clymer, p.207; Kimes 1985, p. 769
- ^ In Toledo, Ohio. Clymer, p.23; Kimes 1985, p. 769
- ^ In Buffalo, New York. Kimes 1985, p. 769
- ^ a b Clymer, pp.18 & 23.
- ^ Distinct from Johnson (steam automobile company). Clymer, p.207.
- ^ Built in Wisconsin. Clymer, pp.23 & 153.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef Clymer, p.208.
- ^ Clymer, p.208. Not to be confused with this one.
- ^ Also sold commercial vans of 1, 2, 3, & 6 tons. Clymer, p.53.
- ^ Built in Everett, PA.
- ^ Clymer, p.131.
- ^ One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.208.
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 769
- ^ Flory, pp.1011-12.
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 774
- ^ Based in Toledo, Ohio. Clymer, p.158.
- ^ a b c Built in Wisconsin. Clymer, p.153.
- ^ Clymer, p.208. Electrette was a model.
- ^ Clymer, p.208. Distinct from LaSalle.
- ^ Distinct from Lewis Motocycle. Clymer, p.208.
- ^ A four-wheeler, despite the name. Clymer, p.8.
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 828
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 635
- ^ Before 1912, the cars were called Sears. Clymer, p.90.
- ^ Kimes 1985, pp. 859–860
- ^ a b c Kimes 1975, p. 1004
- ^ began with steam autos
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Clymer, p.22.
- ^ Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p.890
- ^ a b Based in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 208.
- ^ Clymer, p.23. Distinct from Mason (automobile company).
- ^ Clymer, p.208. Distinct from Mason (steam automobile company).
- ^ Truck maker, Based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Built in Waterloo, Iowa. Clymer, p.93.
- ^ Clymer, p.84.
- ^ Distinct from the Ford division. Clymer, p.23.
- ^ Built in Wisconsin by Joe Merkel, who later built the Merkel Motorcycle. Clymer, p.153.
- ^ Distinct from the gas car and the Ford division. Clymer, p.23.
- ^ Distinct from the steamer and the Ford division. Clymer, p.23.
- ^ Clymer, p.208. Distinct from the Nash
- ^ Built in Waltham, Massachusetts. Clymer, p.145.
- ^ Built in Moline, Illinois. Clymer, p.93.
- ^ Built in Racine, Wisconsin. Clymer, pp.36 & 153.
- ^ Clymer, p.57.
- ^ Clymer, p.208. One of two companies by this name, distinct from Moline-Knight.
- ^ Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Clymer, p.208. Not to be confused with Moggie.
- ^ Clymer, pp.22 & 208.
- ^ Lewis, Mary Beth. "Ten Best First Facts", in Car and Driver, 1/88, p.92.
- ^ Flory, p.1016, dates it to 1950.
- ^ Built in Traverse City, Michigan. Clymer, pp.170 & 178.
- ^ These are the earliest models of National, and are by the same company. Clymer, p.208.
- ^ Not to be confused with the producers of the Ruxton.
- ^ Clymer, pp.170-1 & 208.
- ^ Often misspelled as Neilson (Clymer, p.208)
- ^ a b c Kimes 1975, p. 1003
- ^ Clymer, p.208. Not to be confused with the motorcycle.
- ^ Kimes 1975, p. 1005
- ^ Kimes 1975, p. 1006
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek Clymer, p.209.
- ^ Built in Milwaukee. Clymer, p.153.
- ^ Catalog of American Cars 1805-1945 (1985), p.1013
- ^ Clymer, pp.170 & 209.
- ^ They wore Barney Oldfield's name. Clymer, p.178.
- ^ Based in Cleveland. Same as Ottoker? Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
- ^ Clymer, pp.22 & 23.
- ^ Based in Cleveland. Distinct from Owen Magnetic. Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
- ^ built in Salem, Mass.; 1 gasoline & 2 electric cars Kimes 1985, p. 1063
- ^ Clymer, p.170. Distinct from Panther Westwinds.
- ^ Built in Indianapolis, Indiana. Clymer, p.102.
- ^ Built in Chicago. Clymer, p.151.
- ^ a b Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p.1125
- ^ Clymer, p.42.
- ^ a b c Standard Catalogue of American Cars, p.1126
- ^ Clymer, pp.6 & 153.
- ^ Cars and trucks, built in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.5, 178, & 190.
- ^ Friction-drive, built in Wisconsin. Clymer, p.153.
- ^ Based in Cleveland.Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Distinct from the GM division.
- ^ Clymer, pp.5 & 209.
- ^ Clymer, pp.13 & 23.
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Porter Motor Company.
- ^ Flory, p.1016. Distinct from Powell Manufacturing Company?
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Randall (automobile company).
- ^ Distinct from the pickup. Clymer, p.209.
- ^ Cars & trucks, based in Cleveland. Clymer, p.190.
- ^ Clymer, p.149.
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Reading Steamer.
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Said to be the cheapest car ever built.
- ^ Producer of four-axle Octoauto and twin rear axle Sextoauto in Columbus, Indiana. Clymer, p.122-4.
- ^ a b Clymer, pp.23 & 209.
- ^ 1895 car produced by Remington Arms Company. Clymer, p.209.
- ^ Based in Cleveland. Clymer, pp.190 & 209.
- ^ Clymer, pp.22 & 209.
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Rogers (steam automobile company) and Rogers (automobile company).
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Distinct from Rogers Steamobile (automobile company). One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.209.
- ^ Rolls Royce
- ^ From Kansas City, Missouri, supposedly front-wheel drive. Clymer, p.209.
- ^ Royal Princess was the gasoline-powered car.
- ^ A tricycle. Clymer, p.8.
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Same as Dumont (automobile company) By Alberto Santos-Dumont?
- ^ Clymer, p.209. By Henry Segrave?
- ^ Keystone
- ^ Clymer, p.25.
- ^ Clymer, pp.90 & 209.
- ^ Clymer, p.209. Distinct from the Chrysler.
- ^ Built in Buffalo, New York. Clymer, p.5.
- ^ Built by William H. Sharp , who called it the Arrow. Clymer, p.88.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm Clymer, p.210.
- ^ Distinct from Spencer (steam automobile company). Clymer, p.210.
- ^ Distinct from Spencer (automobile company). Clymer, pp.23 & 210.
- ^ One of two companies with this name. Clymer, p.210.
- ^ a b Distinct from Stanley Motor Carriage Company. Clymer, p.210.
- ^ Clymer, p.210. Distinct from Stearns (automobile).
- ^ One of three companies by this name. Clymer, p.210.
- ^ One of three companies by this name. Clymer, pp.23 & 210.
- ^ Clymer, p.8. Not to be confused with the Jag.
- ^ Originally Erie.
- ^ Flory, p.1016. Fitting Cadillac V8s into Studebakers was common in the '50s, under the nickname Studillac, as well as into Fords as Fordillacs; it appears Flory has mistaken it.
- ^ Clymer, pp.38 & 210.
- ^ Clymer, p.210. Not to be confused with the Dodge, Plymouth, Studebaker, Nash Motors, Chevrolet, or GMC.
- ^ Clymer, p.210. Not to be confused with Summit Racing Equipment.
- ^ Clymer,p.52.
- ^ Clymer, p.190, locates them in Cleveland.
- ^ a b c Clymer, pp.170 & 210.
- ^ Kimes 1985, pp. 1417–1419
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 1422
- ^ Kimes 1985, pp. 1423–1424
- ^ Clymer, p.22; Kimes 1985, pp. 769, 1472
- ^ Clymer, p.210. Not to be confused with the sportscar or the motorcycle.
- ^ Flory, p.1014. May only have produced racing cars.
- ^ Distinct from Victor (steam automobile company). Clymer, p.210.
- ^ Clymer, pp.23. Distinct from Victor (automobile company).
- ^ Built in Painesville, Ohio. Clymer, p.135.
- ^ Detroit-based builder of "generic" cars without badges so dealers could badge them as desired. Clymer, p.146.
- ^ Clymer, p.210. Not to be confused with the pistol.
- ^ Clymer, p.210. Distinct from Ward (electric automobile company)
- ^ Clymer, p.210. Distinct from Ward (automobile company)
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 1491
- ^ Built by Reo.
- ^ Kimes 1985, p. 1519
- ^ a b Kimes 1985, p. 1520
- ^ a b Kimes 1985, p. 1521
- ^ a b Kimes(1985), p. 1524
- ^ Supposedly from Toledo, Ohio. Clymer, p.210.
Sources
- Automobile Quarterly (eds.). The American Car Since 1775. Kutztown, PA: Automobile Quarterly, Inc., 1971. ISBN 0-525-05300-X
- Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925. New York: Bonanza Books, 1950.
- Georgano, Nick (Ed.). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2000. ISBN 1-57958-293-1
- Kimes, Beverly R. (editor), and Clark, Henry A. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1945. Krause Publications, 1975. ISBN 0-87341-111-0
- Kimes, Beverly R. (editor), and Clark, Henry A. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1945. Krause Publications, 1985. ISBN 0-87341-045-9
- Kimes, Beverly Rae, and Clark, Henry Austin, Jr. The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942 (3rd edition). Iola, WI: Krause, 1996. ISBN 0-87341-428-4
See also